Summer and winter browsing affect conifer growth differently: An experimental study in a multi-species ungulate community

Ungulate browsing has been studied for several decades in the northern hemisphere. However, studies have mainly focused on just one or two ungulate species, while rarely contrasting relative effects of summer and winter browsing. This limits our understanding dynamics landscapes where species diversity is increasing. We conducted a seasonal exclosure experiment former clear-cuts multi-species system Sweden, to investigate impacts conifers Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) Norway spruce (Picea abies) at tree level. tested differences individual conifer growth demographic responses between Summer browsing, Winter No Control treatment plots over 4.5 year experimental period. defined response as distribution among different height classes. Individual rates both were similar with (year-round exclosures) year-round Plots subject differed terms their plots; more stems reached taller classes slight species. discuss considering palatability ability tolerate plant-plant competition system, light potential associational effects. If fencing intended be used management practice mitigate deer growth, results suggest that total exclusion does not necessarily enhance during first years regeneration.